1. Administration
Consists of the performance of administrative operations and office management responsibilities. Administration can be defined as the universal process of organizing people and resources efficiently so as to direct activities toward common goals and objectives.
Example of a job which will be classified under the "administration" sector:
- Sort, register, and route correspondence; type and format routine documentation, tables, reports, etc.;
- Receive, screen, and direct telephone calls and visitors;
- Set up and maintain office files and reference systems according to standard procedures;
- Support the organization and administration of meetings, workshops, and events;
- Ensure availability of office supplies and appropriate maintenance of office equipment;
Key terminology to look out for:
- Manager's assistant / project assistant (if admin duties, not project management duties)
- Secretary / personal assistant
- Office assistant / office manager
2. Advocacy
Advocacy is an activity by an individual or group that aims to influence decisions within political, economic, and social systems and institutions. Advocacy can include many activities that a person or organization undertakes, including public speaking, commissioning and publishing research, or lobbying. Lobbying (often by lobby groups) is a form of advocacy where a direct approach is made to legislators on an issue that plays a significant role in modern politics.
Key terminology to look out for:
- Advocacy campaign / strategy
- Lobbying
3. Agriculture & Rural Development
Agriculture is the practice of cultivating the soil, planting, raising, and harvesting both food and non-food crops, as well as livestock production. Key Aspects of Agriculture:
- Crop Cultivation: This involves planting, nurturing, and harvesting crops for food, such as grains and vegetables, and for non-food uses, like cotton and timber.
- Livestock Rearing: The practice of raising domestic animals for meat, milk, eggs, and other products.
Key terminology to look out for: Agriculture
- Food crops (cultivation / production)
- Crop rotation
- Farming
- Fertilizers
- Horticulture
- Insecticide and pest control (for agricultural purposes)
- Agronomy
- Seeds
- Harvesting
- Agricultural machinery (hand tools)
- Gardening (if cultivation / production)
- Beekeeping / apiculture
- Wheat / grain reserve
- Greenhouses
Rural Development: Actions to improve the standard of living in non-urban neighbourhoods, countryside, and remote villages. Usually, it concerns general local development, without any concrete/specific assignment.
Key terminology to look out for: Rural Development
- Rural development
- Outgrowers
- Country-side
- Peasants
- Villages / rural areas
4. Border Management
Border management is a comprehensive system of measures and regulations for controlling and securing state borders to regulate the movement of people, goods, and vehicles while preventing illicit activities like smuggling, trafficking, and terrorism.
Integrated border management is conceived to comprise the following dimensions:
- Border control (checks and surveillance);
- Investigation of cross-border crime;
- Four-tier access control (measures in third countries, cooperation with neighbouring countries, border control, and control measures within the area of free movement);
- Cooperation between the authorities in the field of border management at the national / international level (border control, customs, and police authorities)
Key terminology to look out for:
- Developing border infrastructure
- Cross-border trade
- Border staff / customs activity improvement
- Integrated Border Management
- Border control
- Fight against drugs, Strengthening Counter-Drug Capacities
5. Civil Engineering
Civil engineering is the design, construction, and maintenance of the physical and naturally built environment, encompassing infrastructure like roads, bridges, dams, and buildings, as well as public works such as water supply and sewage systems.
What it is:
- Designing and Building: Civil engineers plan, design, and oversee the construction of essential structures and systems that form our built environment.
- Maintenance and Management: They are also responsible for the long-term maintenance and management of these structures to ensure they remain safe and functional.
- Infrastructure: This includes everything from large public works like roads, canals, dams, and airports to structural components of buildings, pipelines, and railways.
Key terminology to look out for:
- construction of X building, road, dam, etc
- renovation of infrastructure / infrastructure works
- re-construction / repairing / rehabilitation works
- supervision of construction works
- demolition / deconstruction works
- architectural design / drawings / style
- jobs like: construction supervisor / construction engineer / civil engineer /resident engineer / architect
6. Community Development & NGOs
Community development is a process where community members come together to take collective action and generate solutions to common problems. Community development is intended to empower community members and create stronger and more connected communities.
NGO - non-governmental organization, is a non-profit, voluntary group that operates to address social, environmental, and humanitarian issues. NGOs work at local, national, and international levels to provide services, advocate for public interests, and promote citizen participation and sustainable community development.
Key terminology to look out for:
- Civil society programmes / community support initiatives
- Civil society empowerment activities, citizen participation
- Community facilitator
- Civil society organisation - CSO and CS (both are often used abbreviations)
- Non-state actors or non-state actors (NSA as abbreviation)
- NGO or NGOs, non-governmental organization, nongovernmental organization, non-governmental organization.
- Social entrepreneurship
7. Culture & Arts
Culture is a group's shared way of life, encompassing beliefs, values, customs, and traditions, while the arts are creative expressions that reflect and transmit this culture.
Arts include forms like painting, music, dance, literature, and film, serving as a powerful medium to convey messages, capture societal changes, and connect people. They provide a window into a community's identity, traditions, and experiences, fostering intercultural dialogue and a sense of belonging. The creative endeavors that provide a means of expression, such as:
- Visual Arts: Painting, sculpture, architecture, animation.
- Performing Arts: Music, dance, theater.
- Literary Arts: Literature, poetry, and storytelling.
Key terminology to look out for:
- cultural heritage / cultural specificity of a region
- arts / creative industry
- language (not language learning/teaching assignments)
- history
- tradition
- archeology
8. Disaster Reduction & Humanitarian Relief
Disaster reduction is the systematic process of preventing new disaster risks and reducing existing ones to protect lives, livelihoods, and assets. It involves analyzing and managing the causes of disasters, such as reducing exposure to hazards and decreasing people's vulnerability, to build resilience and strengthen communities against both natural and man-made disasters.
Humanitarian relief, or aid, refers to immediate, short-term assistance provided to people affected by natural disasters or man-made crises, such as earthquakes, floods, and wars, to save lives, alleviate suffering, and maintain human dignity. It involves providing essential necessities like food, water, shelter, and medical supplies. Humanitarian relief is crucial in situations like:
- Natural disasters: Earthquakes, floods, tsunamis, and hurricanes.
- Man-made crises: Armed conflicts, wars, and complex emergencies.
- Famine and malnutrition: Situations where people lack sufficient food.
Key terminology to look out for:
- Disaster Risk Reduction - DRR (not DDR - Disarmament, Demobilization, and Reintegration (which is a process in peacebuilding))
- Seismic study
- Developing effective early warning systems / evacuation plans
- Reducing exposure to hazards
- Humanitarian aid
- Relief assistance / coordination
- Supply of humanitarian aid kits (without giving a clear list of things)
- Pandemics management / emergency - as a result of a disaster, conflict, pandemics (global health issue); not to be confused with regular health emergency care services, which go under the Health sector only;
Examples where Humanitarian Relief should not be added:
- Cash assistance projects / assignments: it is a humanitarian context, BUT the task usually refers to economic analysis, cash-transfers, or other assignments (other sectors are relevant);
- Building/repairing houses in the context of earthquake emergency in X location = task refers to Civil Engineering works (contracting authority is looking for construction companies), while emergency is the overall context / background.
9. Education, Training & Capacity Building
The education system includes organizations and institutions - like kindergartens, schools, universities, and training centers - that provide education services to people of all ages, from pre-primary to higher education, as well as related support activities such as educational consulting.
Training is teaching, or developing in oneself or others, any skills and knowledge that relate to specific, useful competencies. Training has specific goals of improving one's capability, capacity, productivity, and performance.
Capacity building is the process of developing an individual's, organization's, or community's skills, knowledge, processes, and resources to achieve their goals and adapt to change. Also known as capacity development, it involves strengthening individual competencies, institutional capabilities, and the surrounding enabling environment to foster long-term self-sufficiency and success.
Key terminology to look out for:
- Preschool / primary / secondary / higher education
- Adult education
- Alternative education
- Indigenous education
- Graduate/undergraduate studies
- Formal/informal education
- Formal/informal learning
- School access / literacy / illiteracy
- VET - Vocational Education and Training
- TVET - Technical and Vocational Education and Training
- Trainings: workshops, online courses, coaching / mentoring, exchange/study tour
- ToT - training of trainers
- Professional development / skills development
- Language learning courses
- Capacity building
10. Energy
The energy sector involves the production, transformation, transportation, and distribution of energy from sources like fossil fuels and renewables. Types of energy sources:
- Non-Renewable Sources: Traditional fossil fuels such as oil, natural gas, and coal;
- Renewable Sources: Clean energy from sustainable sources like solar, wind, and hydroelectric power.
Key terminology to look out for:
- Electric, solar, hydropower, wind energy
- Biomass
- Geothermal heat (renewable energy)
- Gas, Oil
- electrical equipment: electric switchboards, circuit breakers, low voltage equipment, generators, transformers, batteries, electrical grid, electrical substation,
- solar power equipment
- road/street lighting
- LED lamps
- nuclear energy / reactors
11. Environment & Climate
Environment refers to the entire surrounding conditions - both living and non-living - that influence an organism or object. The term can be applied broadly to the natural world, planet Earth, or more specifically to the physical, chemical, and social surroundings that affect a person, community, or ecosystem. Components of an Environment:
- Biotic factors: plants, animals, forests, and other living organisms.
- Abiotic factors: including water, air, soil, sunlight, and climate.
Additional definitions:
- Land Resources: the range of land and vegetation, including coastal areas.
- Water Resources: wetlands, waterways (rivers, streams, and creeks), estuaries, groundwater, and the marine environment.
- Biodiversity Resources: the variety of life forms, the different plants, animals, and microorganisms, and the ecosystems they form.
Key terminology to look out for:
- Biodiversity
- ecosystem conservation
- ecology
- forestry
- environmental protection
- wildlife
- natural resources
- climate change
- Coastal Zone Management
- Riverbank preservation
- Landslides / Soil / Erosion
12. Extractive Industry
The extractive industry involves activities like mining and oil/gas extraction to remove raw materials such as minerals, metals, and fossil fuels from the earth for processing and consumption. Key aspects of the extractive industry:
- Resources Involved: This sector extracts non-renewable natural resources, including:
- Minerals and Metals: Coal, iron, copper, gold, and other metals.
- Fossil Fuels: Oil and gas.
- Aggregates: Stone, sand, and other materials.
Processes: The industry encompasses a range of activities:
- Exploration: Identifying and locating natural resources.
- Extraction: Drilling, pumping, mining, and quarrying to remove materials.
- Processing and Utilization: Preparing raw materials for consumption.
Key terminology to look out for:
- mining
- exploration of mineral resources
- extraction points
- regulations for the extractive industry
13. Financial Services & Audit
The financial services industry encompasses a broad range of businesses dealing with money: central banks, depository organizations, credit unions, insurance, pension funds, and firms in financial intermediation or asset management. It covers financial enterprises, markets, and payment systems, facilitating investment or consumption funds flow from savings globally.
Accountancy is a broad field that involves establishing the principles and framework for managing, processing, and using financial data, encompassing various practices like bookkeeping, financial accounting, auditing, and strategic decision-making. It provides the rules, conventions, and techniques that guide the accounting process, which is focused on recording and summarizing financial transactions to create reports for internal and external users.
Insurance is a financial product sold by insurance companies to safeguard someone's life and/or property against the risk of loss, damage, or theft (such as flooding, burglary, or an accident).
An audit is an independent and systematic examination of financial records, a process, or an organization's compliance with standards to express an opinion on their accuracy, fairness, and adherence to requirements.
An investment company is a financial institution principally engaged in holding, managing, and investing securities.
Key terminology to look out for:
- Accounting / accountancy / bookkeeping (accountant jobs)
- Financial reporting / financial reports / financial statements
- Cash-transfers / mobile-money services / cash flow / cash management / fund transfers
- banking activities: loan & credit management / transaction execution / transaction advisory
- banker, bank executive, banking sector advisor, treasurer.
- banking sector development, banking reform
- investment banking / investment finance
- capital market / bond market / green bond market
- bonds
- brokerage
- micro-finance: micro credit / micro insurance / savings
- financial inclusion of poor people / farmers
- insurance services: for vehicles/property; health insurance
- audit services (also known as due diligence)
- financial audit / financial assessment / financial review
- technical audit
- organizational audit
14. Fisheries & Aquaculture
Fisheries encompass the business, industry, and locations for harvesting and raising fish and other aquatic life, serving commercial, recreational, or subsistence purposes. They involve both wild capture fisheries and fish farms.
Aquaculture is the controlled cultivation of aquatic organisms, such as fish, shellfish, algae, and plants, for commercial, recreational, or public purposes, including food production, population restoration, and habitat enhancement.
Key terminology to look out for:
- Aquafarming
- Fisheries
- Aquaculture
- Marine biology
- Aquatic organisms
- Fishing equipment
15. Food Systems & Livelihoods
A food system encompasses all the components, activities, and processes involved in getting food from its origin to a person's plate, including production, processing, distribution, consumption, and disposal. Food systems are the networks needed to produce and transform food, and ensure it reaches consumers. Improving the performance and resilience of global food systems, and their ability to cater for all who rely on them, will be key to reaching zero hunger.
Food processing refers to methods and techniques, standards and regulations used to transform raw ingredients into food.
Food safety involves the safe handling of food from the time it is grown, packaged, distributed, and prepared to prevent foodborne illnesses.
Food security is when all people, at all times, have physical, social, and economic access to sufficient, safe, and nutritious food to meet their dietary needs and preferences for an active and healthy life. It exists when there is reliable, consistent, and affordable access to healthy food and includes aspects like food availability, accessibility, nutrition, and the stability of food sources. Food insecurity is the absence of these conditions, leading to chronic hunger, fear of starvation, or acute threats to life and livelihoods.
A livelihood is a way of life, consisting of the various assets, capabilities, and activities that people and communities use to secure food, income, and other necessities for their well-being.
Key terminology to look out for:
- Food fortification / preservation / storage
- Food technology / supplements
- Nutrification
- Food and Bioprocess Technology
- Food safety / packaging
- Food microbiology
- HACCP - Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Points - a preventive food safety management system that identifies and controls biological, chemical, and physical hazards in food production
- food security / hunger / malnutrition / nutrition
- livelihood improvement
16. Fundraising & Grant management
Fundraising is the process of collecting money for a specific purpose, most commonly for non-profit organizations, but also for for-profit businesses seeking capital. Fundraising can involve various methods, such as online donation platforms, fundraising events, crowdfunding, major donor appeals, corporate partnerships, and selling merchandise, with the goal of raising funds to support a particular organization's mission or a company's ventures.
Grants management is the comprehensive process of overseeing all activities related to a grant. The process includes managing the major steps of a grant lifecycle: Pre-Award | Award | Post-Award.
Grant writing is the process of researching funding opportunities and creating a compelling proposal to request grant funding from government agencies, corporations, or foundations for projects and programs.
Key terminology to look out for:
- Fundraising / collection of funds
- Resource mobilization (financial only, not human resources)
- grant resources distribution
- grant writing / proposal writing
- crowdfunding
- donors mapping / research
17. Furniture & Office Supplies
Furniture refers to objects intended to support various human activities such as seating (e.g., stools, chairs, and sofas), eating (tables), storing items (e.g., cupboards, shelves, and drawers), working, and sleeping (e.g., beds and hammocks).
Office supplies are consumables and equipment regularly used in offices by businesses and other organizations.
Key terminology to look out for:
- office stationery supplies: paper, envelopes, folders, blinders, markers, pens, erasers, planners, staplers, paperclips, desk organizers, etc
- whiteboards / blackboards (even if for school purposes)
- generic furniture elements: desks, chairs, conference tables, cubicles, filing cabinets
- medical furniture
- projectors / printers / scanners (cartridges, toner & ink) usually used for offices
- industrial printers should go to "printing" sector
- communication devices: telephones, smartphones, and video conferencing equipment
- computers and related devices: desktop computers, laptops, monitors, printers, keyboards, mice
- select also "ICT" sector (always)
- any other equipment which is classified on the source as "office equipment"
18. Gender & Human Rights
Gender refers to the socially constructed roles, behaviors, and identities that a society associates with being a man, woman, or other gender categories. Gender refers to the characteristics of women, men, girls, and boys that are socially constructed. This includes norms, behaviours, and roles associated with being a woman, man, girl, or boy, as well as relationships with each other. As a social construct, gender varies from society to society and can change over time.
Gender is hierarchical and produces inequalities that intersect with other social and economic inequalities. Gender-based discrimination intersects with other factors of discrimination, such as ethnicity, socioeconomic status, disability, age, geographic location, gender identity, and sexual orientation, among others.
Human rights are fundamental rights and freedoms inherently possessed by every individual, encompassing principles of dignity, equality, and fairness that apply universally regardless of nationality, race, religion, or other status. These rights include freedoms such as the right to life, liberty, education, freedom from torture, and the right to work. They also place obligations on governments to respect and protect these rights and prevent violations.
Key terminology to look out for:
- role patterns/ divisions between men and women
- gender based violence, sexual violence
- gender equality / issues
- gender analysis
- gender mainstreaming
- gender expert / specialist
- self-promotion of women, women's support program
- gender-sensitive
- vulnerable groups
- human rights
- equality
- domestic violence
- discrimination
- child labor
- torture
- maltreatment of children
- child protection
- protection of minorities
19. GIS, Mapping & Cadastre
GIS - Geographic Information System, is a technology that integrates hardware, software, and data to capture, store, manage, analyze, and visualize geographic information. It connects location-based data with descriptive information, allowing users to identify patterns, relationships, and geographic context to make informed decisions across various fields like urban planning, environmental management, and public health.
Mapping is a process that involves creating a visual representation of data, usually as geographic information, displaying exact locations on a map. The common and original practice of mapping is the scaled drawing of geographical features, that is, cartography.
A cadastre is a public, systematic inventory and record of real estate, including a land parcel's boundaries, size, value, and ownership, often presented through maps and digital databases. It serves as a fundamental tool for legal purposes, taxation, and land management, ensuring property rights are clear and providing accurate data for economic and administrative functions.
Key terminology to look out for:
- GIS / ArGIS equipment (Geographic Information System)
- Creation of geographical mapping
- Topographic maps/charts
- Cadaster / Cadastre
- Cartography
- Geotechnical surveying
- Photogrammetry
- Orthophoto
- Geomatics
- Geodesy / geodetics
- Aerial photography
- Bathymetry - the study of the underwater depth of lake or ocean floors; bathymetry is the underwater equivalent to hypsometry or topography
- GeoRadar - used for geophysical investigations
- Land or property rights / land management (only from the legal point of view)
- in the context of projects, land rights / management refer to the sector "agriculture", not cadastre
- real estate companies do not go under "cadastre" (they are either engineering firms if building real estate, or "other business entity" - if they only rent/sell real estate)
20. Heating & Cooling Systems
Heating is the process of raising the temperature of a space or object, usually for comfort, by adding thermal energy. It's a fundamental part of Heating, Ventilation, and Air Conditioning (HVAC) systems used in buildings and involves various equipment like furnaces, boilers, and space heaters. Common heating sources include natural gas, wood, pellets, and electricity, with modern approaches focusing on energy efficiency and alternatives like heat pumps.
A cooling system removes excess heat from a device, preventing it from exceeding safe operating temperatures through a heat exchange process. Common types include air-cooling, which uses air directly, and liquid-cooling, which circulates a coolant like water through components to absorb and dissipate heat via a radiator. Cooling systems are used in vehicles, industrial machinery, electronics, and buildings to maintain efficiency and prevent damage.
Key terminology to look out for:
- heating sources: water / air / gas / oil heating
- city heating system
- heat pumps
- HVAC - Heating, Ventilation, and Air Conditioning
- ventilation systems
- air conditioning
- refrigerators
- freezers
- cryogenics
- cooling
21. Health
Health refers to physical and emotional well-being, especially that associated with normal functioning of the human body, absence of disease, pain (including mental pain), or injury.
Key terminology to look out for:
- Physical and mental health
- health care / policy
- health education / health economics
- health system / public health
- public health care - PHC
- family health unit (FHU) or family health center/centre(FHC)
- hospital
- HIV/AIDS / Malaria / all diseases
- STDs (Sexually Transmitted Diseases)
- health expert, health specialist
- family planning
- nutrition (not malnutrition)
- medical equipment: wheelchair, patient monitors, emergency stretcher trolley, hospital beds
- Pharmaceutical Products
- surgical gloves, masks
- medical professions (in case of jobs)
- occupational health and safety
22. HR & Employment
Human resources (HR) is the strategic management of an organization's workforce, overseeing every aspect of the employee lifecycle from recruitment and hiring to training, compensation, performance management, and employee relations.
Labor market is the economic arena where the supply of labor from employees meets the demand for labor from employers, influencing employment levels and wage rates. The labor market refers to the supply of and demand for labor. Also known as the job market, it's based on employees providing the supply and employers providing the demand.
Employment refers to the activity of working for pay, usually under a contract or agreement with an employer who provides wages, benefits, and direction. It can also describe the state of having a job or the relationship between an employer and an employee.
Key terminology to look out for:
- HR - Human resources
- management of the recruitment / hiring process / * Pre-employment screening
- development of HR strategies / HR policies
- HRM – human resource management
- Candidate sourcing / Talent management
- Consultancy services on career management
- Labor market
- human capital
- employment / unemployment
- labor force
23. ICT & Telecommunications
Information and Communications Technology (ICT) encompasses all technical tools used to handle information and enable communication. It is a broad term that includes hardware like computers and smartphones, software, networking systems, and the internet, along with a wide range of applications and services that allow people to access, store, and share information.
ICT is an umbrella term that includes any communication device, encompassing radio, television, cell phones, computer and network hardware, satellite systems, and so on, as well as the various services and appliances with them, such as video conferencing and distance learning.
Telecommunications is the transmission of information over long distances using electrical, electronic, or electromagnetic methods. The industry encompasses a wide range of technologies and infrastructures for transmitting voice, data, text, images, and video.
Key terminology to look out for:
- ICT
- IT tools or equipment
- e-learning tools
- e-government platform
- computer software / hardware / licences / servers / UPS / SQL / Oracle
- website & database development / maintenance
- SCADA equipment
- Digitalization of information/documents (digital archiving process)
- Artificial Intelligence / AI tools
- media equipment (audio/video)
- recording devices / audio system for recording
- translation/interpretation equipment (+ translation sector)
- UI/UX Designer
- Telecommunications:
- Telephone network / telegraph / mobile phones / smartphones
- Telecom regulation
- Radio / TV broadcast
- Communications satellites / Antennas
- Structured cabling / Broadband networks
- Network cabling standards (LAN / WAN)
- Internet: modems, routers, wireless devices
- Transmission equipment: transmission lines / fiber optics
- GPS - global positioning system
- Automatic Vehicle Location System
- Remote sensing equipment
- Radar detectors for police
NOTE: As sources interpret differently the delimitation between ICT & Office Supplies, see below a short clarification concerning the right classification of these 2 sectors - individually or in combination:
1. Both ICT + Furniture & Office Supplies in the cases:
- Supply of IT Equipment (Desktops + Printers)
- Supply of Office Equipment (Desktops + Printers)
- Supply of Office Equipment (Desktops)
2. Furniture & Office Supplies only, in the case:
- Supply of Office Equipment (Printers)
3. ICT only, in the case:
- Supply of computer equipment
- Supply of IT Equipment (Desktops)
24. Laboratory & Measurement
A laboratory is a facility that provides controlled conditions in which scientific or technological research, experiments, and measurements may be performed.
Laboratory techniques are the sum of procedures used in natural sciences such as chemistry, biology, physics, in order to conduct an experiment, all of them follow the scientific method; while some of them involve the use of complex laboratory equipment, from laboratory glassware to electrical devices, others require such specific or expensive supplies.
Laboratory equipment refers to the various tools and equipment used by scientists working in a laboratory. Laboratory equipment is generally used to either perform an experiment or to take measurements and gather data. Larger or more sophisticated equipment is generally called a scientific instrument.
The title of "laboratory" is also used for certain other facilities where the processes or equipment used are similar to those in scientific laboratories. Still, not all of them are actually covered by this sector - see below:
Covered by the sector:
- film laboratory (or darkroom)
- clandestine lab (for the production of illegal drugs)
- crime lab (used to process crime scene evidence)
- medical laboratory (involves handling of chemical compounds)
- public health laboratory
- Industrial laboratory
Not covered by the sector:
- computer lab (a space which provides computer services to a defined community)
- language laboratory (an audio or audio-visual installation used as an aid in modern language teaching)
Key terminology to look out for:
- Laboratory glassware / reagents / microscope & other equipment
- Spectrophotometry
- Measurement equipment
- Metrology
- Calibration
- Meters
- Meteorological equipment and instrumentation / weather instruments
- Medical laboratory equipment (+ health)
25. Law
The law sector is a broad field that provides legal services, including areas like corporate, criminal, family, and employment law. It encompasses traditional roles such as solicitors and barristers, as well as opportunities in government, corporations, and academia. The sector involves a wide range of activities, from courtroom litigation to policy development, with many specialized areas and career paths available.
Key terminology to look out for:
- Country Constitution / laws
- EU directives analysis
- Various sub-classifications: International law / Property law / Administrative law / Civil law / Public law, etc.
- legal drafts / regulations
- justice / legal reform
- justice court reform/re-organization
- police reform / strengthening (+ security)
- penitentiary administration
26. Logistics
Logistics is the management of the flow of goods, services, and information from their point of origin to their point of consumption, ensuring efficient and cost-effective movement. It involves key processes such as transportation, warehousing, inventory management, and order fulfillment, and is a critical component of the broader supply chain management.
Key components of logistics:
- Inbound logistics: The process of managing the materials and goods received from suppliers to a business's facilities.
- Outbound logistics: The process of managing the distribution of products to customers.
- Reverse logistics: The process of managing the return of products for repairs, refunds, or disposal.
- Warehousing and storage: The management of facilities and inventory to store goods until they are needed.
Inventory management: Ensuring there is the right amount of products at the right time to meet customer demand without overstocking or running out.
- Order fulfillment: The process of picking, packing, and shipping orders to customers.
Logistics vs. Supply Chain Management
While the terms are often used interchangeably, logistics is considered a component of the larger supply chain management (SCM).
- Logistics focuses on the movement and storage of goods within a business and its direct partners.
- Supply Chain Management encompasses all the activities involved in the entire process, from raw material extraction to the final delivery to the end consumer, including the relationships with multiple suppliers, manufacturers, and distributors.
Key terminology to look out for:
- Freight Forwarding services
- Mailing services
- Warehousing
- Customs clearance services
- Supply chain management services
- Customs brokerage services (not generic brokerage - this goes under "financial services")
27. Macro-Economy & Public Finance
Macroeconomy is the branch of economics that studies the performance and behavior of an economy as a whole, including regional, national, and global scales. It focuses on large-scale economic issues such as inflation, unemployment, interest rates, economic growth, and gross domestic product (GDP) to understand how these factors influence individuals and businesses. Macroeconomic analysis is used to develop and guide economic policies aimed at stabilizing the economy and improving performance.
How it's used:
- Policy formulation: Governments use macroeconomic principles to create policies, such as monetary and fiscal policy, to influence the economy.
- Economic forecasting: Macroeconomic models are used to analyze current conditions and make predictions about future economic trends.
- Measuring performance: It provides a framework for measuring the overall health of an economy and identifying potential problems or improvements.
Public Finance Management (PFM) basically deals with all aspects of resource mobilization and expenditure management in government. Just as managing finances is a critical function of management in any organization, similarly public finance management is an essential part of the governance process. Public finance management includes resource mobilization, prioritization of programmes, the budgetary process, efficient management of resources, and exercising controls.
Key terminology to look out for:
- Macro-economy
- public finance - PFM (public finance management)
- Government finance / expenditures / tax system / country budget & debt
- fiscal / monetary policy
- informal economy
- economic growth / development
- public economics / economist
28. Marketing & Media
Marketing encompasses the strategic processes, tactics, and concepts used by businesses to create and deliver value to customers and society. It is more than just advertising and selling; it is a fundamental business function focused on understanding and satisfying customer needs to achieve organizational goals.
Core components of the marketing domain: At the heart of the marketing domain is the marketing mix, or the "4 Ps," a framework developed to guide marketing decisions. Over time, this has been expanded to the "7 Ps" to reflect the growing service-based economy.
- Product: The goods or services offered to meet customer needs. It includes aspects such as quality, design, features, branding, and packaging.
- Price: The amount customers pay for the product. Pricing strategies depend on factors like market share, costs, competition, and perceived value.
- Place (or Distribution): The channels and methods used to get the product to the customer. This can include physical retail stores, online platforms, and distribution networks.
- Promotion: The activities that communicate the product's value to the customer. This includes advertising, sales promotions, public relations, and social media campaigns.
- People: The employees and company representatives who interact with customers and influence their experience.
- Process: The procedures and systems that ensure a smooth delivery of the product or service, from order placement to fulfillment.
- Physical Evidence: In a service context, this refers to the physical environment and tangible elements of the customer experience, such as a store's layout or a company's website.
Media refers to the various channels we use to communicate, store, and share information, ideas, and entertainment. It's the images, videos, text, and audio that make up the websites we visit, the social media platforms we engage with, and the traditional forms of broadcasting we've grown up with.
Key terminology to look out for:
- Marketing:
- Market analysis: market research / study
- Value chain analysis
- Brand materials development (e.g., logo)
- The activity of advertising goods/products
- Advertising services (promotional activity)
- Event management services (companies / individuals)
- Media & communication:
- media advisor / media relations officer / journalist / information officer / communication specialist
- writer / editor / proofreader
- internal/ external communication
- social media: social communication, mass communication, public communication, strategic communication, corporate communication
- public relations (PR) / media relations
- information campaign / awareness raising campaign / social media campaign
- media outreach services
- production and broadcasting of Spots (e.g., producing and broadcasting 12 television episodes and educational dialogue videos about ...)
- filming and streaming services
- photo / video production (documentaries, animation, stories, podcasts, etc)
- subscription to periodicals / newspapers
29. Mechanical Engineering
Mechanical engineering is a broad engineering discipline that applies principles of physics and math to design, analyze, manufacture, and maintain mechanical systems, from small components to large machines.
What mechanical engineers do:
- Design, build, and test: They design, develop, build, and test mechanical devices, engines, sensors, and other systems.
- Solve problems: Mechanical engineers use scientific and mathematical principles to solve technical problems and create solutions for modern challenges.
- Analyze systems: They analyze designs for safety, efficiency, and reliability, considering factors like thermodynamics, fluid dynamics, and materials science.
- Work across industries: Their work is crucial in sectors such as aerospace, automotive, energy (including renewables), manufacturing, robotics, and even biomechanics.
- Contribute to innovation: They are involved in creating new technologies, from everyday objects to cutting-edge systems like those for space exploration.
Key terminology to look out for:
- vehicle repair (add also vehicles)
- elevators maintenance / lifting equipment, and accessories
- manufacturing plants, manufacturing technologies
- welding / metal cutting
- industrial equipment and machinery
- aircraft equipment
- watercraft
- mechatronics / mechanics
- kinematics
- thermodynamics
- materials science
30. Migration & Refugees
Migration is the movement of people away from their usual place of residence to a new place of residence, either across an international border or within a State.
For demographic purposes, there are two types of migration: international and internal. International migration occurs when people cross State boundaries to live in another country for a minimum length of time. Internal migration is when people move within the same country. Rural-urban migration is when people move specifically from rural areas to urban locations within the same country.
Refugees are people who have fled their country due to a well-founded fear of persecution, conflict, or violence and are seeking safety in another country. They are entitled to international protection under international law, such as the 1951 Refugee Convention. People become refugees because they cannot or will not return to their home country due to threats to their safety and life.
Key terminology to look out for:
- Migration: immigrant / emigrant
- illegal migration
- settler
- refugees
- population transfer
31. Monitoring & Evaluation
The monitoring and evaluation (M&E) sector is a field dedicated to improving the management of projects and programs by assessing progress and impact. It involves continuous monitoring to track implementation and identify issues, alongside periodic evaluations to systematically assess relevance, effectiveness, efficiency, and impact. The M&E sector is used across various fields, including international development, government, business, agriculture, and humanitarian aid, to ensure accountability, inform decision-making, and promote learning.
Monitoring and evaluation processes:
- Monitoring: A continuous process of collecting and analyzing data to track a project's progress against its planned results. It helps identify challenges, risks, and gaps in implementation and allows for timely adjustments.
- Evaluation: A periodic and systematic assessment of a project's design, implementation, and results to determine its overall worth or significance. It often examines relevance, effectiveness, efficiency, and impact, answering questions about whether the program achieved its goals.
Key terminology to look out for:
- Monitoring and evaluation (M&E)
- Meal specialist - monitoring, evaluation, and learning
- evaluation: final evaluation / final review / final assessment
- MTR - midterm evaluation / midterm review
- ex-post evaluation / ex-ante evaluation
- project evaluation, programme evaluation (also program evaluation)
32. Organizational Development
Organizational development (OD) is a planned, systematic approach to improving an organization's effectiveness by making changes to its culture, systems, and strategies. It uses data and a whole-system view to enhance performance, solve problems, and align an organization with its environment by addressing both the "hard" aspects (structure, strategy) and "soft" aspects (people, behavior, culture).
Examples of organizational development interventions:
- Technostructural: Redesigning work processes, management structures, and decision-making processes.
- Human Resource Management: Implementing performance management systems or hiring processes.
- Strategic Change: Aligning the organization's strategy and structure to respond to a changing business environment.
Key terminology to look out for:
- institutional development / performance improvement
- organizational strengthening/analysis
- reorganization: cover all elements contributing to financial sustainability and performance, including: development of strategic vision, corporate governance reforms, operational efficiency, HR and institutional processes;
- Undertake a financial, operational, and institutional review (Special Diagnostic), to have a full and fair assessment of the operational and institutional condition of X institution;
- Examining the institutional framework, organizational structur,e and staff establishments, the accountability structure.
33. Pollution & Waste Management (incl. treatment)
Pollution is the introduction of contaminants into the environment that cause harm to living beings, ecosystems, and natural processes. These contaminants, called pollutants, can be physical substances like plastic or energy forms like sound and heat. Pollution is a major global issue, with human activities being the primary cause.
Types of pollution are often categorized by the environment they affect:
- Air pollution: The release of harmful gases, chemicals, and particulate matter into the atmosphere. Sources include vehicle exhaust, industrial emissions, and the burning of fossil fuels and solid waste.
- Water pollution: The contamination of rivers, lakes, and oceans by industrial waste, sewage, agricultural runoff, and plastic waste. This can cause waterborne diseases and harm aquatic life.
- Land and soil pollution: The degradation of Earth's surfaces and soil through the accumulation of toxic chemicals, waste, pesticides, and other contaminants. This can render land infertile and contaminate food crops.
- Noise pollution: Unwanted or excessive sounds from sources like traffic, construction, and factories that can harm human and animal health.
- Light pollution: The presence of excessive or misdirected artificial light that can disrupt ecosystems and affect human sleep patterns.
- Plastic pollution: The accumulation of plastic products and microplastics in the environment, which is especially harmful to marine life and ecosystems.
- Thermal pollution: A change in the temperature of a body of water, often caused by industries that release heated water used for cooling. This reduces oxygen levels in the water, which can kill fish and other organisms.
- Radioactive contamination: The release of radioactive substances into the environment from activities like nuclear power generation and weapons research.
Waste management is the process of collecting, transporting, processing, and disposing of waste materials in a way that minimizes their harmful effects on human health and the environment. Effective waste management is essential for sustainable development and can include both minimizing waste production and reusing or recycling existing materials.
Waste treatment involves a range of processes to alter, reduce, or neutralize waste, making it safer for the environment and human health. The goal is to reduce the negative impacts of waste and, in many cases, to recover valuable resources or energy from it.
Types of waste treatment:
- Physical methods: Focus on separating and reducing the volume of waste.
- Recycling: Processing materials like paper, plastic, and metal for reuse.
- Incineration: Burning waste to reduce its volume and, in some cases, generate energy.
- Landfilling: A long-established method of disposal, though waste is often treated before final placement to reduce its volume and impact.
- Chemical methods: Alter the chemical composition of waste to make it less harmful.
- Neutralization: Using acids and bases to balance the pH of waste.
- Oxidation/reduction: Using chemicals to change the properties of waste.
- Precipitation: Causing dissolved substances to form solid particles that can be removed.
- Biological methods: Use living organisms, primarily microorganisms, to break down organic waste.
- Composting: Controlled decomposition of organic matter into a soil-like material.
- Anaerobic digestion: Breaking down waste without oxygen to produce biogas and digestate.
- Bioremediation: Using microbes to clean up contaminated soil or water.
Key terminology to look out for:
- Pollution:
- Pollutants / Contaminants
- Greenhouse gas
- Waste Management:
- Solid waste
- Water waste / water treatment (+ water & sanitation)
- Waste disposal/collection
- E-waste
- Recycling
- Debris removal
- Clean up project (cleaning a territory from waste, debris)
34. Printing
The printing sector is a part of the manufacturing industry that involves producing printed materials like books, newspapers, and packaging through methods such as lithography, flexography, gravure, and digital printing. It has evolved significantly to include digital technologies, with the digital printing market experiencing substantial growth, and it encompasses both the core printing processes and support activities like platemaking and bookbinding. Key areas include commercial printing (brochures, etc.), large format printing, and on-demand printing services.
Key terminology to look out for:
- Publishing/printing house
- printing services
- industrial printing equipment (not simple/office printers)
35. Procurement Management
Procurement management is the strategic process of acquiring goods and services for an organization, encompassing everything from identifying needs to paying suppliers. It involves planning, sourcing, selecting suppliers, negotiating contracts, and managing those contracts to ensure quality, cost-effectiveness, and efficiency. The goal is to optimize spending, improve operational efficiency, build strong supplier relationships, and reduce risk.
Procurement consultancy services provide expert advice, process implementation, and strategic planning to help organizations optimize purchasing, reduce costs, and improve supplier relationships. These services can range from high-level strategy development and digital transformation to hands-on tasks like tender management, supplier risk management, and cost analysis. Consultants help businesses align procurement with overall goals, manage complex sourcing challenges, and improve efficiency.
Key activities and stages:
- Planning: Defining what needs to be purchased, creating a procurement plan, and establishing criteria for selection and performance.
- Sourcing and selection: Identifying potential suppliers, requesting bids or proposals, and evaluating them based on criteria like cost, quality, and reliability.
- Negotiation: Working with the chosen supplier to agree on contract terms, including pricing, delivery schedules, and performance standards.
- Contract administration: Managing the contract once it is signed, including monitoring performance, processing payments, and addressing any issues that arise.
- Closing: Ensuring all contract terms have been met, completing final paperwork, and archiving the process.
Key terminology to look out for:
- procurement specialist / tender manager
- public procurement
- bidding documents / TOR development
- tendering process management
- sourcing agency (e.g., equipment sourcing)
- procurement agent
36. Project Management
Project management is the process of leading a team to achieve specific goals within defined constraints, such as scope, time, and budget. It involves planning, organizing, and managing resources to complete a project from initiation to closure. This discipline ensures that projects are delivered successfully and meet their objectives.
Core components and activities:
- Initiation: Defining project objectives and determining its feasibility.
- Planning: Outlining tasks, setting timelines, allocating resources, and creating a budget.
- Execution: Putting the plan into action and performing the project tasks.
- Monitoring and controlling: Tracking progress against the plan to ensure it stays on track.
- Closure: Delivering the final output and obtaining stakeholder approval.
- Managing constraints: Balancing the project's scope, time, and budget to deliver the final product.
- Resource management: Organizing and controlling resources, including people, finances, and tools, to achieve project goals.
Key terminology to look out for:
- project manager / project director / project coordinator / project officer
- country representative / country director
- chief of party / deputy chief of party
- head of mission / team leader
- planning / organizing project activities
- project development, coordination, implementation
37. Public Sector Governance
Public sector governance is the system of rules, processes, and practices that manage and control public institutions to ensure they act in the public interest. It involves principles like transparency, accountability, and efficiency to guide how public organizations deliver services. Key elements include rule of law, a strong code of conduct, and adapting to complex stakeholder relationships and political influences.
Government decentralization is the transfer of power, responsibility, and resources from a central government to lower-level or local entities. This can improve efficiency and responsiveness by bringing decision-making closer to citizens, and is often pursued to enhance democracy and accountability.
Types of decentralization:
- Political: Transferring authority to democratically elected local governments that are accountable to their constituents.
- Administrative: Transferring authority to lower-level branches of the central government, which remain accountable to the central government.
- Fiscal: Transferring the power to raise and allocate funds to subnational governments.
- Devolution: Transferring powers with some degree of autonomy to subnational governments.
Key terminology to look out for:
- Public administration - PA
- public administration reform - PAR
- public service reform - PSR
- municipal government
- public policies
- public sector reform / civil service reform / governance reform
- Local economic development - LED
- Local authorities development
- Local government authorities - LGAs.
- Decentralized functions
- Fiscal decentralization/decentralisation
- Decentralization Implementation Plan , DIP.
- PPP (public-private partnership)
38. Ports Engineering
Port engineering is a civil engineering discipline focused on the design, construction, and operation of ports, harbors, and related marine infrastructure. It involves a wide range of specializations, including civil, structural, mechanical, and geotechnical engineering, to create structures that can handle the dynamic forces of the marine environment while accommodating commercial, passenger, and industrial needs. Key areas of work include designing terminals, managing dredging, and incorporating features for cargo handling, navigation, and coastal protection.
Examples of port engineering projects:
- Designing new container or bulk terminals
- Dredging and reclamation operations
- Improvements to harbor structures like moles and piers.
Key terminology to look out for:
- Seaport
- Harbour
- Marine dredging operations
- Port
- Shipyard / dockyard
- Wharf
39. Private Sector & Trade
The private sector includes all businesses owned and operated by individuals or private groups, not the government, with the primary goal of generating profit.
Private sector development (PSD) is a term in the international development industry to refer to a range of strategies for promoting economic growth and reducing poverty in developing countries by building private enterprises. This could be through working with firms directly, with membership organisations to represent them, or through a range of areas of policy and regulation to promote functioning, competitive business markets.
The "trade sector" refers to the economic sector involved in buying, selling, and distributing goods and services, which includes industries like retail, wholesale, and international trade (export).
Key terminology to look out for:
- Private sector:
- SME - small and medium enterprise
- MSME - micro, small, and medium enterprise
- PSD - private sector development
- private sector / business initiatives
- entrepreneurship / start-up
- social enterprises
- Trade:
- Commerce / buying-selling activity
- Retail
- Import/Export
40. Research & Innovation
Research is a process of systematic inquiry that entails the collection of data; documentation of critical information; and analysis and interpretation of that data/information, in accordance with suitable methodologies set by specific professional fields and academic disciplines.
Innovation is the process of implementing a new idea, product, or method to create value or solve a problem. Innovation is the practical implementation of ideas that result in the introduction of new goods or services or an improvement in offering goods or services. Innovation often takes place through the development of more-effective products, processes, services, technologies, art works, or business models that innovators make available to markets, governments, and society.
Key terminology to look out for:
- scientific research / discovery / study
- research compilation / investigation
- Scientific disciplines / scientific innovation
- discovery / invention
- Spacecraft, space objects, Earth orbit
- Solar system (not solar power, which refers to energy), moon, asteroids
- planetary atmospheres, space missions
- Robotics (if mechanical robots => mechanical engineering)
41. Roads & Bridges
The "Roads & Bridges sector" refers to the industry that designs, constructs, and maintains roads, bridges, tunnels, and other transportation infrastructure to ensure connectivity and safety. This sector includes activities like building new roads, resurfacing old ones, and developing complex structures like overpasses and tunnels, utilizing various materials and technologies, including new advancements for sustainability and efficiency.
Key terminology to look out for:
- Roads
- highways
- bridges
- trail
42. Security & Peacebuilding
The security sector is a broad term for all the institutions, personnel, and organizations responsible for providing and overseeing security at national and local levels. This encompasses a wide range of entities like the armed forces, police, and intelligence services, and private security companies.
Key components of the security sector:
- Core security providers: These are the institutions that directly use force, including the military, police, border guards, and intelligence services.
- Management and oversight bodies: These are the government and civilian bodies that manage, fund, and control the security forces, such as ministries of defense and internal affairs, parliamentary committees, and civil society watchdogs.
- Other actors: This can also include non-statutory security forces like private security companies, militias.
Conflict is a clash or disagreement between opposing forces, ideas, or interests, which can be a physical battle, a verbal argument, or a psychological struggle. It can involve two or more people, groups, or even an individual experiencing internal mental struggle due to incompatible demands or desires. Conflict arises from differing values, needs, or goals that cannot be easily reconciled.
Peacebuilding is the process of using nonviolent methods to resolve injustice and prevent deadly conflict by transforming the structural and cultural conditions that cause it. It involves a wide range of activities aimed at strengthening relationships, rebuilding communities, and reforming institutions to create sustainable peace. This includes conflict prevention, management, resolution, and reconciliation, and it connects local, national, and international actors to address root causes and support long-term stability.
Key terminology to look out for:
- Security:
- security and control equipment: metal detectors, intruder alarm equipment
- safety equipment (police safety, military safety)
- CCTV security, or closed-circuit television, is a system of video cameras transmitting signals to a limited set of monitors for surveillance and security purposes, like deterring crime.
- guard services
- ammunition
- locks & access control systems
- fire-fighting equipment
- terrorist attacks / crime
- demining / mine clearance (the process of removing land mines from an area, usually after military conflict)
- minesweeping: the act of detecting of mines
- weapon or explosives detectors / nuclear weapons / nuclear threat (risks)
- DDR - Disarmament, Demobilization and Reintegration
- Peacebuilding:
- Armed conflict / war
- Conflict prevention / resolution / mitigation
- conflict / dispute solving
- Commercial mediation/dispute solving
43. Social Development
Social development has two main meanings: improving the well-being and potential of individuals and communities through policies and investments, and the process by which children and adolescents learn social skills and behaviors through interactions with others. Both perspectives emphasize building cohesive, inclusive, and resilient societies and individuals.
Social protection refers to public measures like cash transfers, pensions, and skills development that provide a safety net against social and economic risks, while social development is a broader process of societal progress that uses social protection as a key tool to reduce poverty, inequality, and vulnerability. Social protection systems are integral to social development by helping individuals and families cope with life events such as unemployment, illness, or old age, and building resilience against economic shocks.
Key terminology to look out for:
- Social behaviours / relations
- Social movement / institutions
- Social inclusion / social cohesion efforts
- Social protection systems
44. Standards & Certification
Standards are widely accepted guidelines, rules, or definitions that ensure consistency, safety, and quality in products, services, and processes, fostering innovation, efficiency, and trust. Developed through consensus by experts, such as those in the International Organization for Standardization (ISO), standards provide a common language and framework for various sectors, from IT and food safety to environmental protection and manufacturing.
A standards organization, standards body, standards developing organization (SDO), or standards setting organization (SSO) is an organization whose primary function is developing, coordinating, promulgating, revising, amending, reissuing, interpreting, or otherwise contributing to the usefulness of technical standards to those who employ them.
Certification is a formal process where an independent body provides written assurance that a product, service, person, or organization meets specific requirements. Certifications are issued by professional organizations or private agencies and can be a way to demonstrate competence to employers.
For products, services, and organizations:
- What it is: A third-party attestation that a product, service, or management system meets certain standards or specifications.
- Purpose: To assure customers and the public that quality and safety requirements are met, which can apply to everything from web security to manufacturing processes.
- Examples: A website may be certified to meet certain privacy or security standards, or a product might be certified to comply with industry specifications.
- Process: Based on a conformity assessment, where an independent body checks that all requirements are met.
Key terminology to look out for:
- Standards / quality regulations / norms
- standardization
- ISO Standards: in various domains
- consumer protection / regulations
- certification services
45. Statistics and Data Analysis
Statistics is the science of collecting, analyzing, interpreting, and presenting data to make better decisions. It involves two main branches: descriptive statistics (which summarize data) and inferential statistics (which uses a sample to make generalizations about a larger population). Statistics is used across many fields like science, business, healthcare, and government to find patterns and reduce uncertainty.
Applications of statistics:
- Science and Healthcare: Researchers use statistics to test the effectiveness of new medicines and study disease patterns.
- Business: Companies use statistics to study customer trends, predict market behavior, and decide whether to launch new products.
- Government: Governments use statistics for purposes like tracking economic indicators (e.g., Gross Domestic Product) and conducting accurate surveys.
- Technology: Netflix uses statistics to analyze viewer data to provide content recommendations and decide which shows to produce.
- Education: Educators use statistics to track student performance, such as graduation rates.
Key concepts:
- Population: The entire group of individuals or items being studied.
- Sample: A subset of the population that is used for analysis.
Data analysis is the process of inspecting, cleansing, transforming, and modeling data to discover useful information, draw conclusions, and support decision-making. It involves collecting and cleaning data, analyzing it with statistical techniques, and interpreting the results to find patterns and insights. This process helps organizations understand their performance, predict future outcomes, and make more informed strategic choices.
Key terminology to look out for:
- statistician
- population census
- household survey
- demography analysis
- quantitative data analysis / study
- questionnaire / survey execution
- public opinion polls
- data collection, entry, and analysis
46. Tourism
The tourism sector is a global industry focused on travel for leisure, business, or other purposes. Tourism can be domestic (within the traveller's own country) or international.
Examples of these tourism types include:
- Nature tourism: Hiking, walking, camping
- Ecotourism: Guided tours focusing on educating, summer camps, and outdoor classes
- Adventure tourism: White water rafting, ice climbing, mountaineering
Key terminology to look out for:
- Agro-tourism / eco-tourism
- Recreation
- Leisure / hotels / resorts management services
- primary sector for companies registration: hotels, resorts, travel agencies, tourism agencies, tour operators
47. Translation
The translation sector facilitates multilingual communication through services like translation, interpretation, and localization, serving industries from legal and finance to entertainment and e-commerce. It is a growing global market, driven by international business expansion, but faces challenges such as price pressures and the impact of technology like AI. The sector includes freelancers, language service companies, and professionals who often specialize in particular subject areas.
Key terminology to look out for:
- Translation / interpretation services & equipment
48. Transport
The transport sector refers to the part of the economy that handles the movement of people, goods, and resources. It includes a wide range of industries and infrastructure such as airlines, trucking, railways, shipping, and logistics. Key functions include passenger transport and freight movement across different modes like air, road, rail, and water:
- Airlines: Air carriers for passengers and cargo.
- Trucking: Road haulage for goods.
- Railways: Train services for passengers and freight.
- Shipping: Maritime transport for cargo and passengers.
- Logistics: Firms that manage and organize the movement of goods.
Key terminology to look out for:
- Land transport:
- Transport services
- Circulation regulations/authorization
- Road safety measures
- Traffic signs
- Railways construction
- Taxi services
- Water transport:
- Shipment / shipping services
- River / lake navigation
- Navigable water / waterways
- Air transport:
- Air traffic control
- Airspace
- Jetway / jet bridge / passenger boarding bridge (PBB)
- Acquisition of airline / flight tickets (non-consulting services)
- Primary sector for registration of such organisations: airline companies
49. Urban Development & Housing
Urban development is the process of managing and planning the growth of cities to improve their economic, social, and environmental well-being. It involves planning, financing, and constructing new properties, or redeveloping existing areas, to meet the needs of a growing population, while also addressing challenges like overcrowding, infrastructure needs, and environmental impact. Modern approaches emphasize integrated planning and sustainability to create resilient, efficient, and livable urban environments.
The housing sector involves the development, construction, and sale of homes, and it also refers to the broader market for housing supply and demand. It includes providing adequate, affordable, and safe housing for people, which is considered a basic social condition and a fundamental human right. Key aspects include construction, management, finance, and policy, all of which are impacted by a global focus on issues like housing affordability and sustainability.
Key terminology to look out for:
- urbanization / urban development
- urban infrastructure (+ civil engineering)
- city and town planning
- housing management / housing conditions
- social and affordable housing
- real estate companies
50. Vehicles
A vehicle is a machine that transports people or cargo. While the term most commonly refers to motor vehicles that travel on land, it can include a wide variety of transports, from bicycles to spacecraft.
Vehicles are typically classified by the medium in which they operate:
- Land vehicles:
- Automobiles: Passenger vehicles, including cars, trucks, SUVs, and vans.
- Buses: Large motor vehicles designed to carry passengers along regular routes.
- Motorcycles: Two-wheeled motor vehicles.
- Bicycles: Human-powered, two-wheeled vehicles.
- Trains and trams: Rail-bound vehicles that run on tracks.
- Off-road vehicles (ORVs): Designed for unpaved surfaces, such as all-terrain vehicles (ATVs) and certain trucks.
- Watercraft - these vehicles operate on or under the water:
- Ships and boats: Large and small vessels that travel on the water's surface.
- Submersibles: Vehicles designed for underwater operation, like submarines and bathyscaphes.
- Hovercraft: Amphibious vehicles that travel over water and land on a cushion of air.
- Aircraft - these vehicles are designed for travel through the air:
- Airplanes: Fixed-wing aircraft capable of flight.
- Helicopters: Rotary-wing aircraft.
- Aerostats: Lighter-than-air aircraft such as airships and hot-air balloons.
- Drones (UAVs): Unmanned aerial vehicles.
- Spacecraft - designed for travel in outer space:
- Rockets: Launch vehicles for sending spacecraft into orbit.
- Space shuttles: Reusable spacecraft designed to transport astronauts and cargo.
- Rovers: Vehicles designed to travel on the surface of other planets.
Key terminology to look out for:
- All vehicle types covered by the sector (described above)
- Aeronautics: study, design, and manufacturing of air flight-capable machines (+ mechanical engineering)
- Aerospace Engineering: concerned with the development of aircraft and spacecraft (+ mechanical engineering)
- Ambulances (+ sector health)
51. Water, Sanitation & Hygiene
The Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene (WASH) sector is an area of development and humanitarian aid focused on providing communities with access to safe drinking water, proper sanitation facilities, and hygiene practices. Its goals include improving public health, fulfilling the human right to water, and promoting economic development.
Key aspects of the WASH sector:
- Water: Ensuring a safe and sufficient supply of drinking water for all needs.
- Sanitation: Promoting the safe disposal of human waste and wastewater to prevent disease. This includes access to toilets and other facilities.
- Hygiene: Encouraging practices like handwashing to prevent the spread of germs and illness.
Key terminology to look out for:
- Water supply projects / construction or supervision of construction
- Drinking water or potable water projects (not supply of water bottles to X place)
- WASH programme / WatSan
- Sanitation / hygiene (refers to clean water, toilets & sewage systems)
- Irrigation channels / equipment / pumps
- Wastewater / water treatment (+ waste management)
- Borehole drilling (for water-related purposes)
- Water well drilling
- Water dams construction
- Septic tank
52. Youth & Child Welfare
The term youth sector can refer to different things, including public policy frameworks for youth development. It can also refer to the network of organizations, youth workers, and public authorities that work to support young people, or to specific areas like the youth development programs within a sports club.
Public policy and strategy:
- National Strategies: Countries develop strategies to guide government and organizational efforts, like Moldova's Youth 2030 Strategy, which aims to develop youth well-being through 2026.
- Objectives: The goals are to strengthen youth engagement, improve access to education, and support youth participation in democratic life.
Child welfare refers to the systems and practices that ensure children are safe, healthy, and well-supported, with a primary focus on protecting them from abuse, neglect, and other harms. It includes a continuum of services, from prevention and family support to intervention and permanency planning, aiming to keep children with their families when possible and providing alternatives like adoption or guardianship when necessary.
Key aspects of child welfare:
- Protection from harm: This is the primary goal and involves identifying and responding to signs of abuse, violence, and neglect.
- Family support: Child welfare services aim to strengthen families by providing necessary support, resources, and services to help them care for their children successfully.
- Continuum of services: The system provides a range of services, including prevention, intervention, and permanency planning. This can include health, education, and family support services.
- Permanency planning: When children cannot remain with their families, the goal is to find a permanent solution. Options include adoption, kinship guardianship, or other planned permanent living arrangements.
- Holistic approach: Effective child welfare requires considering all factors that affect a child's life, including social, economic, cultural, psychological, and environmental aspects.
Key terminology to look out for:
- Youth / teenagers / adolescents development initiatives
- youth policies
- child protection measures & policies
- well-being of children
- child welfare social workers
53. Non-specialized goods / services
Key terminology to look out for:
- Services:
- Cleaning services or equipment (laundry)
- Janitorial services
- Gardening services (not agricultural gardening, but maintenance of X building's green area: some trees/plants)
- Catering services / canteen operation services / cafeteria services
- Provision of food and beverages for X event or location (non-consulting services, not goods)
- Parking space lease / rent
- Office rental services
- Hotel rental services / hotel accommodation facility
- Conference venue rental / booking
- Goods:
- Basic home/office cleaning supplies: trash can, trash bags, paper towels, wet wipes, glass cleaner, soap, hand sanitizer, dustpans, rubber gloves, etc.
- Kitchen equipment / Domestic kitchenware: utensils, cups, plates, microwave, oven, etc.
- Consumer Electronic Equipment (household appliances used for cooking, fridges)
- Clothing and textiles
- COVID supplies (simple): viziere, halate, servetele, disinfectant + other accessories which are not considered health equipment
- Personal safety equipment (simple): halate, viziere + other accessories which are not considered health equipment
- Supply of cakes / food / water bottles, etc.
- Visibility items: pens, players, bags, etc. (+ office supplies)