1. Administration
Consists of the performance or management of operations. Administration can be defined as the universal process of organizing people and resources efficiently so as to direct activities toward common goals and objectives.
Keywords: Assistant, Project Assistant, Secretary
2. Advocacy
Advocacy is an activity by an individual or group which aims to influence decisions within political, economic, and social systems and institutions. Advocacy can include public speaking, commissioning and publishing research or lobby. Lobbying (often by lobby groups) is a form of advocacy where a direct approach is made to legislators on an issue that plays a significant role in modern politics.
3. Agriculture
Agriculture, also called farming or husbandry, is the cultivation of animals, plants, fungi, and other life forms for food, fiber, biofuel, drugs and other products used to sustain and enhance human life.
The major agricultural products can be broadly grouped into foods, fibers, fuels, and raw materials. Specific foods include cereals (grains), vegetables, fruits, oils, meat and spices. Fibers include cotton, wool, hemp, silk and flax. Raw materials include lumber and bamboo.
Keywords: Food crops (cultivation/production), Crop rotation, Farming, Fertilizers, Horticulture, Insecticide and pest control (for agricultural purposes), Agronomy, Seeds, Harvesting, Agricultural machinery (hand tools)
• Gardening
• Beekeeping/apiculture
4. Air & Aviation
Aviation is the design, development, production, operation, and use of aircraft, both for civil and military purposes. Aviation should not be used for somebody responsible for booking tickets.
Keywords: Aeronautics, Aircraft, Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs), Unmanned Aircraft Systems (UAS), Air traffic control, Airspace
5. Anti-Corruption
In philosophical, theological, or moral discussions, corruption is spiritual or moral impurity or deviation from an ideal. Corruption may include many activities including bribery, extortion, the misuse of inside information and embezzlement. Government, or 'political', corruption occurs when an office-holder or other governmental employee acts in an official capacity for personal gain.
Keywords: corruption, anti-corruption, money laundry, anti-money laundry, bribe, extortion.
6. Architecture
Architecture is both the process and product of planning, designing, and construction, usually of buildings and other physical structures. Architectural works, in the material form of buildings, are often perceived as cultural symbols and as works of art. Historical civilizations are often identified with their surviving architectural achievements.
Keywords: Architectural design / drawings / style
7. Audit
The general definition of an audit is an evaluation of a person, organization, system, process, enterprise, project, or product. The term most commonly refers to audits in accounting, internal auditing, and government auditing, but similar concepts also exist in project management, quality management, water management, and energy conservation.
In either of the cases audit is performed to check the validity and reliability of information; also to provide an assessment of a system's internal control.
Keywords: Technical audit, Organizational Audit, Organizational assessment/review, Internal Control, Financial Audit.
8. Banking
Everything that refers to banks and financial institutions: Central banks, commercial banks, saving banks, etc. Any activity such as monetary policy, money supply, lending activities, capital markets, financial markets, etc.
Keywords: banker, bank executive, banking sector advisor, treasurer.
• cash management, cash flow
• banking sector development, banking reform
• bank accounting
• corporate governance
• credit, credit administration
• banking system, banking laws
• transaction execution
9. Border Management
Integrated border management is conceived to comprise the following dimensions:
• Border control (checks and surveillance) as defined in the Regulation establishing a Community Code on the rules governing the movement of persons across borders, including the necessary risk analysis and criminal intelligence;
• Investigation of cross-border crime;
• Four-tier access control (measures in third countries, cooperation with neighboring countries, border control and control measures within the area of free movement);
• Cooperation between the authorities in the field of border management at the national and international level (border control, customs and police authorities, security services and other relevant authorities):
• Coordination and coherence of actions taken.
Key terminology to look out for
• Developing border infrastructure
• Cross-border trade
• Building and strengthening the skills and capabilities of the border staff
• Fight against drugs, Strengthening Counter-Drug Capacities
• Integrated Border Management
• Border control
10. Civil Engineering
Deals with the construction, and maintenance of the physical and naturally built environment, including works like canals, dams, and buildings. Civil engineering takes place on all levels: in the public sector from municipal through to national governments, and in the private sector from individual homeowners through to international companies.
Key terminology to look out for
• construction supervisor, construction engineer
• civil engineering or civil engineer
• construction of a building / road / dam
• design and build a building / bridge / road / dam
11. Civil Society & NGOs
Civil Society often called (CSO – Civil Society Organization), NGO (non-governmental organization) NSA (Non-State Actors), or Grass Root Organizations. Examples of CSO/NGO activities include:
• improving the state of the natural environment,
• encouraging the observance of human rights, cross-cutting issues
• improving the welfare of the disadvantaged
• some of them cover a broad range of political and philosophical positions.
Key terminology to look out for
• Civil society programme
• Civil society organization/organization
• CSO and CS (both are often used abbreviations)
• Non-state actors or non-state actors (NSA as an abbreviation)
• NGO/NGOs, non governmental organizations, nongovernmental organizations, non-governmental organizations.
12. Conflict
Open, often prolonged fighting; a battle or war, either civil or between states. This sector would often go with the sector “Security”.
Key terminology to look out for
• Conflict
• Armed conflict
• Crisis
• War
• Conflict prevention
• Conflict/dispute resolution
• Conflict mitigation
13. Corporate Social Responsibility
CSR, also called corporate conscience, corporate citizenship, social performance, or sustainable responsible business. The goal of CSR is to embrace responsibility for the company's actions and encourage a positive impact through its activities on the environment, consumers, employees, communities, stakeholders and all other members of the public sphere.
A more common approach to CSR is corporate philanthropy. This includes monetary donations and aid given to local and non-local nonprofit organizations and communities, including donations in areas such as the arts, education, housing, health, social welfare, and the environment, among others, but excluding political contributions and commercial sponsorship of events. Some organizations do not like a philanthropy-based approach as it might not help build on the skills of local populations, whereas community-based development generally leads to more sustainable development.
Key terminology to look out for
• Community development programs
• Employee volunteering campaigns
• Corporate engagement strategy
14. Culture
The totality of socially transmitted behavior patterns, arts, beliefs, institutions, and all other products of human work and thought.
Key terminology to look out for
• Language
• history
• tradition
• arts
• cultural heritage
• archeology
15. Decentralization and Local Development
Decentralization refers to the transfer of decision-making power from the central level to a sub-national authority. The aim is to transfer power and resources to a level that is closer, better understood and more easily influenced by local people.
Local Development, (sometimes can also be seen as LED – local economic development), is designed to promote local dialogue and enable people to be more proactive; help to make local institutions better; make economic activity dependent on the comparative advantages of a specific territory, generating development by firms more capable to withstand changes in the global economic environment, etc.
Key terminology to look out for
• Decentralization
• Local governance, LG
• Local development
• LED
• Local economic development
• Governance reform
• Local authorities development
• Decentralized functions
• Fiscal decentralization/decentralisation
• Decentralization Implementation Plan, DIP.
• Local government authorities, LGAs.
16. Democratization
Is the transition to a more democratic political regime: freedom of speech, freedom of mass-media, democratic elections, free access to information, etc.
Key terminology to look out for
• Rule of law
• Elections
• Election observation / electoral processes
• Democratic institutionalization
• Democratic governance
17. Design
Designers in many fields, alone or in teams, produce designs. It can include web designers (including “ICT”), book cover designers and excluding “Architectural designers”.
Attention! “Project design” is not included in this sector
Key terminology to look out for
• Graphic design
18. Disaster Reduction
Can be also seen as DRR – Disaster Risk Reduction. Not to be confused with Disarmament, Demobilisation and Reintegration (DDR). DRR IS part of disaster reduction. DDR is NOT part of disaster reduction.
The goal of disaster reduction is to avoid (prevention), to limit (mitigation and preparedness) different impacts of hazards, within the broad context of sustainable development. The disaster risk reduction framework is composed of the following fields of action:
• Risk awareness and assessment including hazard analysis and vulnerability/capacity analysis;
• Knowledge development including education, training, research and information;
• Public commitment and institutional frameworks, including organizational, policy, legislation and community action;
• Early warning systems including forecasting, dissemination of warnings, preparedness measures and reaction capacities.
Key terminology to look out for
• Disaster Reduction
• DRR
• Disaster Risk Reduction
• Seismic study
19. Education
The education sector or education system is a group of institutions (ministries of education, local educational authorities, teacher training institutions, schools, universities, etc.) whose primary purpose is to provide education to children and young people in educational settings. It involves a wide range of people (curriculum developers, inspectors, school principals, teachers, school nurses, students, etc.). These institutions can vary according to different contexts.
Schools deliver education, with support from the rest of the education system through various elements such as education policies and guidelines – to which school policies can refer – curricula and learning materials.
Key terminology to look out for
• Preschool education
• Primary education
• Secondary education
• Higher education
• Adult education
• VET - Vocational Education and Training
• TVET - Technical and Vocational Educational and Training
• Alternative education
• Indigenous education
• Graduate/undergraduate studies
• Literacy
• Formal/informal education
• Formal/informal learning
• School access
Pay attention to such combinations as: community education/civic education. This refers to all the processes that affect people's beliefs, commitments, capabilities, and actions as members of communities. And this does not represent schooling, consequently, it is not covered by this sector!
20. Electrical Engineering
Deals with the study and application of electricity, electronics and electromagnetism. Also with setting up electric power transmission lines. It now covers a wide range of subfields including electronics, digital computers, power engineering, telecommunications, control systems, RF engineering, and signal processing.
Key terminology to look out for
• electronics
• control systems
• signal processing
• Consumer Electronic Equipment: household appliances, electrical components
• low voltage equipment
• generators
• UPS
• solar power equipment
• various electricity items: switchgears, transformers, cables etc.
21. Energy
Although in everyday usage the terms energy and power are essentially synonyms, scientists and engineers distinguish between them. Power is not at all the same as energy but is the rate at which energy is converted. For instance, a hydroelectric plant, by allowing the water flow above the dam to pass through turbines, converts the water's potential energy into electric energy, whereas the amount of electric energy that is generated per unit of time is the electric power generated.
Attention! Even though we also have nuclear energy, for this, we have a special sector “Nuclear”
Key terminology to look out for
• Electric, solar, hydropower, wind energy
• Biomass
• Geothermal heat (renewable energy)
• Gas, Oil
22. Environment & NRM
Natural Resource Management (NRM) is defined as: The ecologically sustainable management of the land, water, air and biodiversity resources of the State for the benefit of existing and future generations, and for the maintenance of the life support capability of the biosphere. It does not include mineral resources but includes coastal and marine resources up to the State three nautical mile boundary.
Land Resources: – the range of land and vegetation throughout the State including coastal areas and a variety of infrastructure.
Water Resources: – wetlands, waterways (rivers, streams and creeks), estuaries, groundwater, dams and the wider marine environment. The State's water resources also include floodplains, foreshores, stormwater drainage networks, wastewater, drinking water supplies and water catchment areas.
Biodiversity Resources: – the variety of life forms, the different plants, animals and microorganisms, the genes they contain, and the ecosystems they form.
Key terminology to look out for
• Biodiversity
• conservation
• ecology
• ecosystem
• forestry
• environmental protection
• wildlife
• natural resources
• Coastal Zone Management
• River bank preservation
23. Finance & Accounting
Project finance relates to financing (money) and accounting relates to financial reports and monitoring. Don’t make mistakes with Financial “Audit”, which would go to sector. Also is we talk about financing of the government or state institutions, we would rather choose sector “Macro-econ. & Public Finance”. When the project describes financing of a very small transaction like for a farmer to buy a few chickens or a cow then we would refer to “Micro-finance” sector.
Accountancy, or accounting, is the production of financial records about an organization. Accountancy generally produces financial statements that show in money terms the economic resources under the control of management; selecting information that is relevant and representing it faithfully. The principles of accountancy are applied to accounting, bookkeeping, and auditing.
Key terminology to look out for
• Accountancy
• Accounting
• Financial reporting
• Financial reports
• Financial statements
• Bookkeeping
24. Fisheries & Aquaculture
Everything what relates to fishes, fishing and aquaculture (known also as aquafarming),
Aquaculture, also known as aquafarming, is the farming of aquatic organisms such as fish, crustaceans, molluscs and aquatic plants. Aquaculture involves cultivating freshwater and saltwater populations under controlled conditions, and can be contrasted with commercial fishing, which is the harvesting of wild fish. Broadly speaking, finfish and shellfish fisheries can be conceptualized as akin to hunting and gathering while aquaculture is akin to agriculture. Mariculture refers to aquaculture practiced in marine environments and in underwater habitats.
Key terminology to look out for
• Aquafarming
• Marine biology
• Aquaculture
• Fisheries
• Marine resources - fisheries
25. Food Processing & Safety
Food processing refers to methods and techniques, standards and regulations used to transform raw ingredients into food, or of food into other forms. Food processing typically takes clean, harvested crops or butchered animal products and uses these to produce attractive, marketable and often long shelf-life food products. Similar processes are used to produce animal feed. Food safety involves the safe handling of food from the time it is grown, packaged, distributed, and prepared to prevent foodborne illnesses. Food safety is the responsibility of those who handle and prepare food commercially for delivery to consumers and of consumers who prepare and eat food in their homes.
Attention! Please note that we have “Standards and Consumer Protection” sector, which refers to standards and safety of ALL goods and services.
Key terminology to look out for
• Food fortification
• Food preservation
• Food technology
• Food storage
• Food supplements
• Nitrification
• Food engineering
• Food and Bioprocess Technology
• Food safety
• Food microbiology
• Food packaging
26. Food Security
It doesn’t refer to food safety like the previous sector. But rather the availability of food and people’s access to it.
The World Health Organization defines three facets of food security: food availability, food access, and food use. Food availability is having available sufficient quantities of food on a consistent basis. Food access is having sufficient resources, both economic and physical, to obtain appropriate foods. Food use is the appropriate use based on knowledge of basic nutrition and care, as well as adequate water and sanitation. The FAO adds a fourth facet: the stability of the first three dimensions of food security over time.
Key terminology to look out for
• food security
• hunger
• water crisis
• malnutrition
• right to food
• food access
27. Fundraising
Fundraising or fund raising is the process of soliciting and gathering contributions such as money or other resources, by requesting donations from businesses, international foundations, or governmental agencies.
Although fundraising typically refers to efforts to gather money for non-profit organizations, it is sometimes used to refer to the identification and solicitation of investors or other sources of capital for for-profit enterprises.
Key terminology to look out for
• Fundraising
• Resource mobilization (financial only, not human resources)
28. Furniture & Office Supplies
Usually, it would refer to the purchase of furniture & office supplies
Key terminology to look out for
• furniture elements
• printers/scanners (cartridges, toners, ink)
• projectors
• any other equipment which is classified on the source as "office equipment"
29. Gender
Gender equality, also known as sex equality, gender egalitarianism, sexual equality or equality of the genders, is the view that men and women should receive equal treatment, and should not be discriminated against based on gender unless there is a sound biological reason for different treatment. This is the objective of the United Nations Universal Declaration of Human Rights, which seeks to create equality in law and in social situations, such as in democratic activities and securing equal pay for equal work.
Key terminology to look out for
• role patterns/ divisions between men and women
• human right
• gender equality
• gender issues
• gender analysis
• gender mainstreaming
• gender expert, gender specialist, gender consultant
• gender-based violence, sexual violence.
• self-promotion of women, women support program
• gender-sensitive
• vulnerable groups
30. Grants & Grant Schemes
Most grants are made to fund a specific project and require some level of compliance and reporting. The grant writing process involves an applicant submitting a proposal (or submission) to a potential funder, either on the applicant's own initiative or in response to a Request for Proposal from the funder. Other grants can be given to individuals, such as victims of natural disasters or individuals who seek to open a small business. Sometimes grant makers require grant seekers to have some form of tax-exempt status, be a registered nonprofit organization or a local government.
For example, tiered funding for a freeway are very large grants negotiated at the government policy level. However smaller grants may be provided by a government agency (e.g. municipal government). Project-related funding involving governments, businesses, communities, and individuals is often arranged by application either in writing or online.
Key terminology to look out for
• grants
• grant writing
• Calls for project proposals/calls for proposals (CFP)
• European Union Contracts and Grants
31. Health
Anything health-related.
Key terminology to look out for
• Physical and mental health
• health care
• health policy
• health education
• health economics
• health system
• public health
• public health care also used as PHC
• family health unit (FHU) or family health center/centre(FHC)
• hospital
• HIV/AIDS
• Malaria
• STDs (Sexually Transmitted Diseases)
• health expert, health specialist
• family planning
• nutrition (not malnutrition)
32. Heating
Key terminology to look out for
• Air / gas / oil heating
• water heating
• city heating
33. Human Resources
The division of a company that is focused on activities relating to employees. These activities normally include recruiting and hiring of new employees, orientation and training of current employees, employee benefits, and retention.
Key terminology to look out for
• HR
• Human resources
• Recruitment
• HR strategies
• HR policies
• HRM – human resource management
• Candidate sourcing
• Talent management
34. Human Rights
The basic rights and freedoms to which all humans are entitled, often held to include the right to life and liberty, freedom of thought and expression, and equality before the law.
Key terminology to look out for
• Human rights
• equality (can also refer to Gender)
• domestic violence
• discrimination (Gender, racial)
• children labor
• torture
• disabled persons
• maltreatment of children
• child protection
• protection of minorities
35. Humanitarian Aid & Emergency
Unlike sector “Disaster reduction”, Humanitarian Aid & Emergency foresees material or logistical assistance provided for humanitarian purposes, typically in response to humanitarian crises including natural disasters and man-made disasters. The primary objective of humanitarian aid is to save lives, alleviate suffering, and maintain human dignity. It may therefore be distinguished from development aid, which seeks to address the underlying socioeconomic factors which may have led to a crisis or emergency.
Traditional responses to humanitarian crises, and the easiest to categorize as such, are those that fall under the aegis of ‘emergency response’:
• material relief assistance and services (shelter, water, medicines, etc.)
• emergency (short-term distribution and supplementary feeding programmes)
• relief coordination, protection and support services (coordination, logistics and communications).
But humanitarian aid can also include reconstruction and rehabilitation (repairing pre-existing infrastructure as opposed to longer-term activities designed to improve the level of infrastructure) and disaster prevention and preparedness (disaster risk reduction (DRR), early warning systems, contingency stocks and planning). Under the Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development reporting criteria, humanitarian aid has very clear cut-off points – for example, ‘disaster preparedness’ excludes longer-term work such as prevention of floods or conflicts. ‘Reconstruction relief and rehabilitation’ includes repairing pre-existing infrastructure but excludes longer-term activities designed to improve the level of infrastructure.
36. Industry, Commerce & Services
Classification of Industry Industries can be classified in a variety of ways. At the top level, industry is often classified into sectors: Primary or extractive, secondary or manufacturing, and tertiary or services.
Key terminology to look out for:
• Travel services
• Cleaning services
• Catering services / canteen operation services
• Event organization / logistics - performed by a company (if undertaken by an individual it should go to "administration")
• Goods provided by the industry: e.g. clothing
37. Information & Communication
Information technology (IT) is the application of computers and telecommunications equipment to store, retrieve, transmit and manipulate data, often in the context of a business or other enterprise.
Key terminology to look out for
• ICT / IT equipment
• e-learning
• e-government
• software
• hardware
• licenses
• databases
• website development
• network
• multimedia equipment (audio / video)
• servers
• SQL / Oracle
38. Inst. Dev. & Cap. Building
Societies require effective public and private institutions in order to meet the social, economic and civic needs of their people. Programs focused on building the capacity of institutions to effectively implement their missions and respond to local demand for quality services are at the heart of successful development.
Institutional development is achieved through approaches to improving performance by addressing an organization’s core strategy and operations to achieve robust, sustainable delivery of services.
Actions implying institutional development refer to:
• Develop and implement effective and sustainable policies and mechanisms for institutional governance;
• Strengthening governance structure;
• Implementation of staff development plan;
Key terminology to look out for
• Institutional development
• organizational strengthening/analysis
• capacity development
• reorganization
• institutional performance improvement
39. Justice Reform
Justice reform means examining existing laws and implementing changes in the legal system.
Justice reform entails reform of a staggering array of institutions. Courts are obviously key, but the justice sector is also made up of ministries of justice, the legal profession, the police, prosecutors, public defenders, ombudsmen and others. The justice sector also relies on a number of legal professionals with various profiles. Judges, court staff, bailiffs, lawyers and notaries are all actors in the system.
Key terminology to look out for
• Justice reform
• law reform
• legal reform
• legal system reform, etc
• court reform/re-organization
40. Laboratory & Measurement
A laboratory is a facility that provides controlled conditions in which scientific or technological research, experiments, and measurement may be performed.
Laboratory techniques are the sum of procedures used on natural sciences such as chemistry, biology, physics in order to conduct an experiment, all of them follow scientific method; while some of them involve the use of complex laboratory equipment from laboratory glassware to electrical devices others require such specific or expensive supplies.
Laboratory equipment refers to the various tools and equipment used by scientists working in a laboratory.
The title of "laboratory" is also used for certain other facilities where the processes or equipment used are similar to those in scientific laboratories. Still, not all of them are actually covered by this sector - see below:
Covered by the sector:
• film laboratory (or darkroom)
• clandestine lab (for the production of illegal drugs)
• crime lab (used to process crime scene evidence)
• medical laboratory (involves handling of chemical compounds)
• public health laboratory
• Industrial laboratory
Not covered by the sector:
• computer lab (space which provides computer services to a defined community)
• language laboratory (an audio or audio-visual installation used as an aid in modern language teaching)
Key terminology to look out for
• Measurement equipment
• Laboratory glassware
• Metrology
• Calibration
• Meters
• Spectrophotometry
• Microscope
• Reagent
41. Labour Market and Employment
Attention! Sector “Human Resources” also deals with human capital and labor force but it happens on a micro-level mostly. When we talk about the labor market & unemployment, we deal with macroeconomics.
Key terminology to look out for
• Labor market
• human capital
• employment / unemployment
• labor force
42. Land & Erosion & Soil
Everything refers to Land as being physical elements of landforms such as mountains, hills, sand, soil and its possible characteristics like erosion.
Key terminology to look out for
• Land
• Erosion
• Soil
• Coastal Zone Management (also might be attributed to Environment & NRM
• Riverbank (also might be attributed to Environment & NRM
43. Law
Law is a system of rules that are created and enforced through social or governmental institutions to regulate behavior. Law as a system helps regulate and ensure that a community show respect, and equality amongst themselves.
N.B. There is a similar sector called Justice Reform.
Key terminology to look out for
• Constitution
• Different classifications of Law: International law / Property law / Administrative law / Civil law / Public law, etc.
• Legal drafts / regulations
• In this section you can also play with the words juridic, judicial, judge, jurisprudence, prosecutor.
44. Livestock (inc. Animal/Bird Production)
Livestock are domesticated animals raised in an agricultural setting to produce commodities such as food, fiber and labor. It includes both beef and dairy cattle, pigs, sheep, goats, horses, mules, asses, buffalo, and camels as well the raising of birds commercially for meat or eggs (i.e., chickens, turkeys, ducks, geese, guinea fowl, and squabs).
Key terminology to look out for
• Livestock
• domestic animals
• poultry
• poultry breeding
• animal husbandry
• veterinary service
45. Logistics
Logistics is the management of the flow of resources between the point of origin and the point of consumption in order to meet some requirements, for example, of customers or corporations. The resources managed in logistics can include physical items, such as food, materials, equipment, liquids, and staff, as well as abstract items, such as time, information, particles, and energy.
Logistics involves the integration of information, transportation, inventory, warehousing, material handling, and packaging, and often security.
Key terminology to look out for
• Freight Forwarding services
• Mailing services
• Warehousing
46. Macro-Econ. & Public Finance
Macroeconomics is a branch of economics dealing with the performance, structure, behavior, and decision-making of an economy as a whole, rather than individual markets. This includes national, regional, and global economies.
Macroeconomists study aggregated indicators such as GDP, unemployment rates, and price indices to understand how the whole economy functions. Macroeconomists develop models that explain the relationship between such factors as national income, output, consumption, unemployment, inflation, savings, investment, international trade and international finance. In contrast, microeconomics is primarily focused on the actions of individual agents, such as firms and consumers, and how their behavior determines prices and quantities in specific markets.
Public finance is the study of the role of the government in the economy. It is the definitive branch of Economics that assesses the Government revenue and Government expenditure of the Public Authorities and the adjustment of one or the other to achieve desirable effects and avoid undesirable ones.
Public Finance Management (PFM) basically deals with all aspects of resource mobilization and expenditure management in government. Public finance management includes resource mobilization, prioritization of programmes, the budgetary process, efficient management of resources and exercising controls.
Key terminology to look out for
• Macro-economy
• public finance
• PFM (public finance management)
• Government finance
• public economics
• public economist
• government expenditures
• taxes
• debts
• fiscal policy
• country budget support
• informal economy
47. Mapping & Cadastre
Mapping is creating graphic representations of information using spatial relationships within the graphic to represent some relationships within the data. The common and original practice of mapping is the scaled drawing of geographical features, that is, cartography. In the contemporary sense of data visualization, it includes metaphorical extensions of geographical map conventions and literacies to other kinds of data, as well as innovative ways of visualizing data not clearly related to the geographical archetype.
A cadastre (also spelled cadaster), using a cadastral survey or cadastral map, is a comprehensive register of the metes-and-bounds real property of a country. A cadastre commonly includes details of the ownership, the tenure, the precise location (some include GPS coordinates), the dimensions (and area), the cultivations if rural, and the value of individual parcels of land.
In most countries, legal systems have developed around the original administrative systems and use the cadastre to define the dimensions and location of land parcels described in legal documentation. The cadastre is a fundamental source of data in disputes and lawsuits between landowners.
Key terminology to look out for
• Mapping (geographical)
• Cadaster
• Cadastre
• Cartography
• Surveying
• Photogrammetry
• Real Estate
• Topographic maps
• Orthophoto
• Geomatics
• Geodesy / geodetics
48. Marketing
Marketing comprises the activities of a company associated with buying and selling a product or service. It includes advertising, selling and delivering products.
Many believe that marketing is just about advertising or sales. However, marketing is everything a company does to acquire customers and maintain a relationship with them. Even the small tasks like writing thank-you letters, playing golf with a prospective client, returning calls promptly and meeting with a past client for coffee can be thought of as marketing. The ultimate goal of marketing is to match a company's products and services to the people who need and want them, thereby ensure profitability
Key terminology to look out for
• Marketing
• Brand materials development (e.g. logo)
• Advertising goods/products
49. Mechanical Engineering
Mechanical engineering is a discipline of engineering that applies the principles of physics and materials science for the analysis, design, manufacturing, and maintenance of mechanical systems. It involves the production and usage of heat and mechanical power for the design, production, and operation of machines and tools.
Key terminology to look out for
• mechanics
• kinematics
• thermodynamics
• materials science
• manufacturing plants
• industrial equipment and machinery
• heating and cooling systems (should also go to Heating)
• transport systems
• aircraft (should also go to Air & Aviation)
• watercraft
• robotics
• air conditioning (should also go to refrigeration)
50. Media and Communications
Also called “Communications” is an activity of providing meaningful information: visual, oral or written communication.
Channels of information/communication: newspaper, film, radio, TV.
Key terminology to look out for
• communication specialist
• media advisor
• information officer
• internal/ external communication
• public relations / media relations / PR
• broadcasting services
• awareness campaign / media campaign
• social communication, mass communication, public communication, strategic communication, development communication, corporate communication
51. Micro-Finance
Microfinance is a form of financial services for entrepreneurs and small businesses lacking access to banking and related services. The two main mechanisms for the delivery of financial services to such clients are: (1) relationship-based banking for individual entrepreneurs and small businesses; and (2) group-based models, where several entrepreneurs come together to apply for loans and other services as a group.
For example:"...improving access to financial services for small and micro enterprises, special credit guarantee system..."
Key terminology to look out for
• microfinance
• microcredit
• microinsurance
• credits
• credit union
• savings
• fund transfers
• financial inclusion of poor people
52. Migration
Movement by humans from one area to another.
Types of Migration:
• Internal Migration: Moving to a new home within a state, country, or continent.
• External Migration: Moving to a new home in a different state, country, or continent.
• Emigration: Leaving one country to move to another (e.g., the Pilgrims emigrated from England).
• Immigration: Moving into a new country (e.g., the Pilgrims immigrated to America).
• Population Transfer: When a government forces a large group of people out of a region, usually based on ethnicity or religion. This is also known as involuntary or forced migration.
• Impelled Migration (also called "reluctant" or "imposed" migration): Individuals are not forced out of their country, but leave because of unfavorable situations such as warfare, political problems, or religious persecution.
• Return Migration: The voluntary movements of immigrants back to their place of origin. This is also known as circular migration.
• Seasonal Migration: The process of moving for a period of time in response to labor or climate conditions (e.g., farm workers following crop harvests or working in cities off-season; "snowbirds" moving to the southern and southwestern United States during winter).
Key terminology to look out for
• Migration
• Immigrant / emigrant
• illegal migration
• refugees
53. Mining
Extraction of valuable minerals or other geological materials from the earth (metal, coal, gemstones, limestones, and dimension stone, rock salt and potash, gravel, clay, petroleum, natural gas, water).
Demining or mine clearance is the process of removing land mines from an area, while minesweeping describes the act of detecting mines. There are two distinct types of mine detection and removal: military and humanitarian. This is a totally different concept and often perceived wrongly within the "mining" sector that we have.
54. Monitoring & Evaluation
Often written as M&E.
Frequent error: supervision of civil works - there is no monitoring and evaluation in it.
Key terminology to look out for
• Monitoring and evaluation
• M&E
• evaluation
• Final evaluation, final review
• mid-term evaluation / MTR / mid-term review
• ex-post evaluation / ex-ante evaluation
• project evaluation, programme evaluation
55. Nuclear
Key terminology to look out for
• Nuclear engineering
• Nuclear energy
• Nuclear physics
• Nuclear power
• Nuclear reactor technology
• Nuclear weapon
• Radiation / radioactivity
56. Pollution & Waste Management
Waste management is the collection, transport, processing, recycling or disposal, and monitoring of waste materials.
Key terminology to look out for
• Debris removal
• Clean up project (cleaning a territory from waste, debris)
• Solid waste
• Recycling
• E-waste
• Waste disposal/collection
• Pollutants
• Contaminants
• Greenhouse gas
57. Poverty Reduction
Even though all of the projects have among its goals poverty reduction, I would only choose this sector as experience if it clearly states that poverty reduction was its major target.
58. Printing
Texts, books, magazines, or any other printing materials.
Key terminology to look out for
• Publishing/printing house
• printing services
59. Procurement
Procurement is the acquisition of goods, services, or works from an external source. It is favorable that the goods, services, or works are appropriate and that they are procured at the best possible cost to meet the needs of the purchaser in terms of quality and quantity, time, and location. Corporations and public bodies often define processes intended to promote fair and open competition for their business while minimizing exposure to fraud and collusion.
Example: "Procurement of consultancy services" or "Procurement of construction works" - Here the word procurement has the meaning of Tender. No need to select procurement as a sector in this cases.
Key terminology to look out for
• Acquisition / tender process management
• public procurement
• bidding documents, TOR development
• tendering process management
• sourcing (e.g. equipment sourcing)
• procurement agent
60. Programme & Resource Management
Project management is the practice of initiating, planning, executing, controlling, and closing the work of a team to achieve specific goals and meet specific success criteria at the specified time.
Key terminology to look out for
• Programme resource management
• project management
• planning + organizing + managing resources
61. Public Administration
Public administration can be broadly described as the development, implementation and study of branches of government policy. The pursuit of the public good by enhancing civil society, ensuring a well-run, fair, and effective public service are some of the goals of the field. Specifically, it is the planning, organizing, directing, coordinating, and controlling of government operations. Public administration is carried out by public servants who work in public departments and agencies, at all levels of government and perform a wide range of tasks.
Key terminology to look out for
• Public administration - PA
• public administration reform - PAR
• public service reform - PSR
• municipal government
• public policy
• PPP (public-private partnership)
• public sector reform
• civil service delivery
62. Refrigeration
Refrigeration is a process of removing heat from a low-temperature reservoir and transferring it to a high-temperature reservoir.
Key terminology to look out for
• Refrigerators
• freezers
• cryogenics
• air conditioning
• and heat pumps
63. Regional Integration
Process in which states enter into a regional agreement in order to enhance regional cooperation in social, political, or economic fields.
Key terminology to look out for
• Regional integration
• regional cooperation
• political integration
• free trade area
64. Research
Research covers the generation of new knowledge in some field. That means that research is usually combined with a second sector. The second sector would cover the topic of research. So one could do research into agriculture, economics etc.
Key terminology to look out for
• investigation
• discover
• scientific research
• observation
• data gathering
• methodology, qualitative and quantitative methodologies
• report writing
• research compilation
65. Risk Management (incl. Insurance)
Insurance is the equitable transfer of the risk of a loss, from one entity to another in exchange for payment. It is a form of risk management primarily used to hedge against the risk of a contingent, uncertain loss.
Attention! Sector Disaster Reduction already covers DRR, so in case of natural disaster, we would use sector Disaster Reduction.
Key terminology to look out for
• Risk
• failure
• accident
• risk mitigation
• risk reduction
• risk sharing
• health / vehicle insurance
• occupational health and safety
66. Roads & Bridges
Construction and maintenance of roads and bridges. Civil Engineering + roads and bridges.
Key terminology to look out for
• Roads
• highways
• bridges
• ponds
67. Rural Development
Actions to improve the standard of living in non-urban neighborhoods, countryside, and remote villages. Usually, it concerns social and economic development.
Key terminology to look out for
• Rural development
• Agriculture
• Outgrowers
• Country-side
• Farmers
• Peasants
• Village
• Farming
68. Science & Innovation
Key terminology to look out for
• Science
• scientific innovation
• discovery
• invention
• creation
69. Security
Security deals with the physical security sector: army, police, security sector reform, de-mining.
Attention! Food Security, Data security go to different sectors!
Key terminology to look out for
• Security
• crime
• peace
• DDR (Disarmament, Demobilization and Reintegration)
• demining / mine clearance / mines
• CCTV, intruder alarms equipment
• guard services
• ammunition
• locks & access control systems
70. SME & Private Sector
Key terminology to look out for
• Small and medium enterprise
• MSME - micro, small and medium enterprise
• private sector
• business
• entrepreneurship
• PSD - private sector development
71. Social Development
Means the social progress of a society. Some examples found in the course of our work: integration of former convicts in the community; issue of socially displaced people, people with disabilities; social inclusion of Roma minority.
Key terminology to look out for
• Social development
• Social behaviors
• Social relations
• Socio-cultural
• Social movement
• Social inclusion
• Inclusion of people with disabilities in the social life
72. Standards & Consumer Protection
A basis for judging quality. Laws that ensure fair trade competition and free flow of information in the marketplace.
The standards sector refers to all fields that imply a certain quality pattern. It is not restricted to food safety and consumer protection only.
Popular standards:
ISO 9000 - Quality management
ISO 14000 - Environmental management
ISO 22000 - Food safety management
Key terminology to look out for
• Standards
• Regulations
• norms
• rules
• standardization
• consumer rights
• consumer protection
• consumer regulations
• ISO Standards
73. Statistics
Statistics is the study of the collection, analysis, interpretation, presentation, and organization of data. In applying statistics to, e.g., a scientific, industrial, or societal problem, it is necessary to begin with a population or process to be studied. Populations can be diverse topics such as "all persons living in a country" or "every atom composing a crystal". It deals with all aspects of data including the planning of data collection in terms of the design of surveys and experiments.
Key terminology to look out for
• Statistics
• census
• household survey
• demography
• quantitative data analysis
• questionnaire
• public opinion polls
74. Telecommunications
Is the transmission of information over significant distances via mass-media means. Telephones, TV Broadcast, Radio, Satellite.
Key terminology to look out for
• Telecommunications
• Telephone network (mobile phones)
• Telecom regulation
• TV broadcast
• Radio
• Satellite
• Structured cabling
• Network cabling standards (LAN / WAN)
• Antennas
• Internet
75. Tourism
Tourism is travel for pleasure or business; also the theory and practice of touring, the business of attracting, accommodating, and entertaining tourists, and the business of operating tours. Tourism may be international or within the traveler's country.
Key terminology to look out for
• Recreation
• Leisure
• Agro-tourism
• Hotels
• Resorts
• Eco-tourism
76. Trade
Transfer of goods and services from one owner to another by getting something in exchange from the buyer.
Key terminology to look out for
• Trade
• Commerce
• Financial transaction
• Buying
• Selling
• Retail
• Consumption
• Import/Export
77. Training
Training is teaching, or developing skills and knowledge that relate to specific useful competencies. Training has specific goals of improving one's capability, capacity, productivity and performance.
"Capacity Building" activities/initiatives which take place through training/workshop sessions - shall be classified under the Training sector and not as Inst. Dev. & Cap. Building.
Key terminology to look out for
• Training
• workshops
• professional development
• ToT (training of trainers)
• Trainer
• Exchange/study tour
• Language learning courses
• Online courses
• Skills development
• capacity building courses
78. Translation
Key terminology to look out for
• Translation / Interpretation
79. Transport
Transport or transportation is the movement of humans, animals and goods from one location to another. Modes of transport include air, rail, road, water, cable, pipeline and space.
- Management of road transport Circulation authorization delivery;
- Management, control of the means of transport by road, by waterway, by sea and elaboration of all regulations to facilitate and guarantee the circulation safety;
- Transport services of people / goods (keep in mind there is also a sector logistics:
• if simple transportation services are required (from point A to point B) -> transport
• if transportation and distribution/warehousing is required (e.g. vaccines delivery and distribution services) -> logistics
- Elaboration of the regulations concerning road circulation.
Key terminology to look out for
• Transport
• Road safety
• Traffic signs
• Circulation regulations/authorization
• Railways
80. Urban Development
Urban planning (urban, city, and town planning) is a technical and political process concerned with the use of land and design of the urban environment, including transportation networks, to guide and ensure the orderly development of settlements and communities. It concerns itself with research and analysis, strategic thinking, architecture, urban design, public consultation, policy recommendations, implementation and management.
Key terminology to look out for
• Urban development
• Urbanization
• city / town planning
• urban infrastructure planning
81. Vehicles
A vehicle is a mobile machine that transports people or cargo.
!! Tenders: Whenever we have a supply of waste management equipment or road maintenance equipment (check concrete description of contract): in the majority of cases they indicate the kind of equipment they require: trucks, cranes, other specialized vehicles.
Key terminology to look out for
• Bicycles
• Cars
• Motorcycles
• Trains
• Trucks
• Buses
82. Water & Sanitation
Improving access to water and sanitation. Rehabilitation of pipes, water treatment facilities.
Sanitation is the hygienic means of promoting health through prevention of human contact with the hazards of wastes as well as the treatment and proper disposal of sewage wastewater. Hygienic means of prevention can be by using engineering solutions (e.g. sewerage and wastewater treatment), simple technologies (e.g. latrines, septic tanks), or even by personal hygiene practices (e.g. simple handwashing with soap).
Key terminology to look out for
• Potable water
• Water supply
• Sanitation
• Hygiene
• Water treatment
• WASH programme
• WatSan
• Wastewater
83. Water Navigation & Ports & Shipping
A port is a location on a coast or shore containing one or more harbors where ships can dock and transfer people or cargo to or from the land. Port locations are selected to optimize access to land and navigable water, for commercial demand, and for shelter from wind and waves.
A ship is a large watercraft that travels the world's oceans and other sufficiently deep waterways, carrying passengers or goods, or in support of specialized missions, such as defense, research and fishing. Freight transport is the physical process of transporting commodities and merchandise goods and cargo. The term "shipping" originally referred to transport by sea but is extended in American English to refer to transport by land or air (International English: "carriage") as well.
Key terminology to look out for
• Shipbuilding
• River/lake navigation
• Seaport
• Harbour
• Marine dredging operations
• Port
• Navigable water / waterways
• Shipyard / dockyard
• Wharf
• Watercraft
84. Youth
All projects related to non-adults: kids, teenagers, youth programs.
Key terminology to look out for
• Youth
• Teenagers